Bone marrow access apparatus

ABSTRACT

A bone marrow access apparatus includes a bone penetrating member having an internal channel having an opening at a proximal end and an opening at a distal end, and a valve cap engaged with the bone penetrating member. The valve cap defines an interior cavity in which part of the bone penetrating member is situated to thereby secure the valve cap to the bone penetrating member. The valve cap includes a valve having an opening having an open state in which the channel is not obstructed and a closed state preventing flow of material through the channel. By being repeatedly switchable between the open and closed states, the valve controls access to the channel by bone marrow sampling and biopsy instruments.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to a bone marrow access apparatus capable of providing easy, repeatable access to a patient's bone marrow, tools for installing and removing the bone marrow access apparatus, and instruments for use with the bone marrow access apparatus when installed.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Bone marrow is the major site of blood cell formation and, while at birth it is found within nearly all bones, by adolescence it is located primarily within axial bones (e.g., pelvis and femur). The bone marrow exists in the inner portion of bones, referred to herein as the marrow space, and contains the precursor stem cells that ultimately become red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Bone marrow aspirations and biopsies are common tests used to evaluate the bone marrow for leukemias and other hematologic disorders, for example. A sampling of the marrow from the marrow space can determine cell number, cell shape, and cell maturation. Special pathologic stains and molecular studies on the marrow specimens can establish certain diagnoses. Sampling of marrow from the marrow space may occur at multiple times during a patient's treatment program to assess progress.

Conventionally, in order to access bone marrow of a patient, the bone must be punctured each time a doctor needs to access the marrow. This is painful for the patient, and imposes a significant burden on the doctor and healthcare resources. There exists a need for an implantable bone marrow access apparatus that can be retained subcutaneously in the bone of a patient throughout the course of treatment to allow repeated access to the bone marrow without requiring repeated bone punctures.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of one or more embodiments of the present invention is to provide a bone marrow access apparatus that allows repeated sampling of bone marrow at multiple timepoints without the need for repeated bone punctures through the bone cortex (the outer portion of the bone that has nerves which make punctures painful). The subcutaneous location of the apparatus, compared to an externalized device, is also likely to reduce infection from repeated sampling.

A bone marrow access apparatus in accordance with the invention includes a bone penetrating member having an internal channel having an opening at a proximal end and an opening at a distal end, and a valve cap engaged with the bone penetrating member. The valve cap defines an interior cavity in which part of the bone penetrating member is situated to thereby secure the valve cap to the bone penetrating member. The valve cap includes a valve having an opening having an open state in which the channel is not obstructed and a closed state preventing flow of material through the channel. The valve is repeatedly switchable between the open and closed states. The valve controls or regulates access to the channel by bone marrow sampling and biopsy instruments.

One advantage of the bone marrow access apparatus is that the valve cap serves two important functions, namely, it includes a valve that controls access to the channel and it also includes structure to enable it to be secured to the bone penetrating member. This structure may be one or more walls that define the interior cavity in which part of the bone penetrating member is situated. By combining the securing structure that secures the valve cap and the bone penetrating member together with the valve, an enhanced bone marrow access apparatus is provided.

Another advantage of the bone marrow access apparatus is that it provides a cushioning effect by interposing a soft material between the usually hard bone penetrating member and the surface of the bone. To this end, the valve cap includes a peripheral wall situated outward of part of the bone penetrating member, and a lower rim coupled to a lower edge region of the peripheral wall and which is made of a soft or cushioning material. The lower rim extends inward from the peripheral wall to cause the lower rim to lie between part of the bone penetrating member and a surface of the bone when the bone marrow access apparatus is engaged with the bone. The lower rim thus performs the cushioning effect and also serves to secure the valve cap to the bone penetrating member.

The valve cap may be provided at a proximal end portion of the bone penetrating member, in which case, the valve is situated above the bone penetrating member, e.g., in an upper wall extending from an upper edge region of the peripheral wall. At least this portion of the valve cap is preferably made of a soft elastomer that is atraumatic, although the entire valve cap may be made of an atraumatic material. The soft atraumatic covering is important to prevent erosion of the skin and tissues over the device. As an alternative position for the valve, it may be invaginated (or recessed) into the channel of the bone penetrating member, whether the valve cap is at the proximal end portion of the bone penetrating member or elsewhere.

A bone marrow access system or kit includes the bone marrow access apparatus as described above in any of its configurations and one or more instruments configured to pass through the opening at the proximal end of the channel into the channel and through the opening at the distal end of the channel and thereby access the bone marrow space. These instruments may be straight sampling needles or sampling needles with a curved tip that is able to be urged into a straight condition in order to pass through the channel of the bone penetrating member and will otherwise have its curved form. The curvature of the tip allows for greater penetration into areas of the marrow space for sampling and biopsy purposes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of embodiments thereof, taken together with the drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a bone marrow access apparatus in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 2 is a front view of the bone marrow access apparatus shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 3-3 in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a rear perspective view of the valve cap of the bone marrow access apparatus shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is a rear view of the valve cap shown in FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 6-6 in FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view showing the bone marrow access apparatus installed in connection with a bone;

FIG. 8 is a view showing a preparatory stage for installation of the bone marrow access apparatus shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a delivery tool used for installing the bone marrow access apparatus shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 10 is a view showing an initial installation stage of the bone marrow access apparatus shown in FIG. 1 with the delivery tool shown in FIG. 9;

FIG. 11 is a view showing the final installation stage of the bone marrow access apparatus shown in FIG. 1 with the delivery tool shown in FIG. 9;

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a straight sampling needle used with the bone marrow access apparatus shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of the sampling needle shown in FIG. 12 shown during use;

FIG. 14 is a perspective view of a sampling needle with a curved tip used with the bone marrow access apparatus shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view of the sampling needle with a curved tip shown in FIG. 14 shown during use;

FIG. 16 is a perspective view of a removal tool used to remove the bone marrow access apparatus shown in FIG. 1 from its installation in a bone; and

FIG. 17 is a view showing the manner in which the bone marrow access apparatus shown in FIG. 1 can be removed using a removal tool.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Referring to the accompanying drawings wherein like reference numbers refer to the same or similar elements, FIGS. 1-3 show a bone marrow access apparatus 10 in accordance with the invention. Bone marrow access apparatus 10 includes a bone penetrating member 12 configured to penetrate into a bone across the bone cortex to enable access to a marrow space in the bone during use of the bone marrow access apparatus 10, and a valve cap 14 configured to control access to the marrow space through the bone penetrating member 12 and partly cover the bone penetrating member 12. The bone penetrating member 12 and valve cap 14 are formed as separate components and are engaged with one another in a secure manner for use of the bone marrow access apparatus 10.

Bone penetrating member 12 includes an axially extending, substantially tubular insertion portion 16 having a spiral thread 18 on an outer surface 20 (see FIG. 2). The spiral thread 18 enables the bone penetrating member 12 to be urged into the bone cortex upon rotation of the bone penetrating member 12 via a tool described below. An exterior surface of the insertion portion 16 can be provided with fluted edges 22 at the bottom thereof to help cut into the bone cortex during installation of the bone marrow access apparatus 10.

Spiral thread 18 aids in placement of the insertion portion 16 in the bone cortex, e.g., it enables the insertion portion 16 to be tapped or screwed into the bone cortex, and provides for secure retention of the insertion portion 16 in the bone cortex, and thus the bone marrow apparatus 10 in its use position in connection with the bone. Instead of a spiral thread 18, alternative structure may be provided on the outer surface 20 of the insertion portion 16 that functions to enable insertion of the bone penetrating member 12 into the bone cortex and retention therein. Such alternative structure is known to those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains, and all such structure that enables the insertion portion 16 to engage with and be retained in a bone is referred to as insertion and retention means herein. Details about the manner in which bone marrow access apparatus 10 is installed and used are described below.

Bone penetrating member 12 also includes a head portion 24 having a larger cross-sectional shape than that of the insertion portion 16. The head portion 24 has a bottom surface 26 adjacent the insertion portion 16 and a step 28 peripherally outward of the bottom surface 26. The step 28 provides an outer peripheral surface of the head portion 24 with a peripheral indentation which engages with part of the valve cap 14 to provide for secure engagement of the valve cap 14 to the bone penetrating member 12 as discussed below. The head portion 24 may have a hexagonal cross-section or a circular cross-section in a plane perpendicular to the axial direction of the bone penetrating member 12, or may have other cross-sectional shapes such as square, triangle, Torx, and the like.

An internal channel 30 extends through the bone penetrating member 12 between an opening 32 at a proximal end 34 in the upper surface of the head portion 24, and an opening 36 at a distal end 38 at the bottom of the insertion portion 16. Through channel 30, bone marrow can be removed from the marrow space in the bone when the bone marrow access apparatus 10 is engaged with the bone. Removal of bone marrow from the marrow space is commonly referred to as bone marrow sampling.

To this end, the axial length of the insertion portion 16 of the bone penetrating member 12 is dimensioned to at least reach the marrow space of a particular bone when the head portion 24 is on the surface of the bone (see FIG. 11). Thus, there may be a plurality of different lengths of insertion portions 16 of bone penetrating members 12, and a suitable length is selected based on the bone on which the bone penetrating member 12 is being installed and possibly also the size of the patient.

Part of the internal channel 30 is formed as a seat 40 below the upper surface of the head portion 24 (see FIG. 3). Seat 40 is designed to cooperate with various tools to enable the bone penetrating member 12 to be screwed into the bone and to facilitate removal of the bone marrow access apparatus 10 therefrom (discussed below). Seat 40 may have a particular shape or construction to enable rotation of the tools to impart rotation of the bone penetrating member 12 when the tools are mated with the seat 40 of the bone penetrating member 12. For example, a polygonal, e.g., hexagonal shape, for the seat 40 with a corresponding hexagonal shape for a flange of the tools is possible.

Another part of the channel 30 is formed as a valve relief space 42 (see FIG. 3). Valve relief space 42 is designed to accommodate leaflets of a valve 52 that are pushed inward into the channel 30 during installation and use of the bone marrow access apparatus 10 (see FIGS. 8-10).

Internal channel 30 has a particular size to enable bone marrow sampling when the bone marrow access apparatus 10 is in use. The channel 30 may have a diameter in a range from about 2.0 mm to about 4.2 mm (8-15 G) to allow for insertion of large-sized needles and other types of standardly used sampling instruments. The dimensions of the channel 30, i.e., its length and diameter, are also selected to enable tilting of a sampling needle to allow it to reach fresh areas of the marrow space after repeated sampling. The degree of tilting of the needle is thus dependent on the diameter of the needle and the diameter of the channel 30. In one embodiment, the channel 30 is dimensioned to enable a needle having a size of 13 G to tilt while in the channel by about 15 degrees in all directions relative to a central axis of the channel 30, thereby providing a total degree of tilt of about 30 degrees. In another embodiment, the channel 30 is dimensioned to enable a needle having a size of 15 G to tilt by about 10 degrees to each side, thereby providing a total degree of tilt of about 20 degrees. The 15 G needle may be used to sample cells via needle aspiration, while the 13 G instrument retrieves worm-like tissue samples and benefits more from tilting to source a fresh sampling area. Of course, different combinations of differently sized needles and channels 30 provide different tilt angles. A medical practitioner using bone marrow access apparatus 10 may be apprised of the needle sizes that can be used with each size of bone marrow access apparatus 10 and the obtainable tilt angles.

In a preferred embodiment, the bone penetrating member 12 is made of a rigid biocompatible material. Suitable materials include, without limitation, stainless steel, titanium, nitinol, and polyetheretherketone (PEEK).

Various constructions of the bone penetrating member 12 and valve cap 14 are envisioned to provide for secure retention of the valve cap 14 in connection with the bone penetrating member 12 for installation and use of the bone marrow access apparatus 10. One such construction is to provide the valve cap 14 with one or more walls that define an interior cavity 44 dimensioned to accommodate at least part of the bone penetrating member 12.

In the illustrated embodiment, the valve cap 14 includes a peripheral wall 46 arranged outward of the head portion 24 of the bone penetrating member 12 (see FIGS. 4 and 6) The peripheral wall 46 may entirely surround the head portion 24 of the bone penetrating member 12 with which the valve cap 14 is operatively engaged. The peripheral wall 46 has an inner surface having generally the same cross-sectional shape (in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the bone marrow access apparatus 10) as the outer surface of the head portion 24 of the bone penetrating member 12, and which is only slightly larger to provide for a tight fit between the valve cap 14 and the bone penetrating member 12.

Valve cap 14 also includes an upper wall 48 extending inward from an upper edge region of the peripheral wall 46 and a lower rim 50 extending inward from a lower edge region of the peripheral wall 46 (see FIG. 6). When the valve cap 14 is engaged with the bone penetrating member 12, the upper wall 48 is situated above the upper surface of the head portion 24 of the bone penetrating member 12 and the lower rim 50 is in the step 28 and thus underlies a peripheral edge region of the head portion 24 of the bone penetrating member 12 (see FIG. 3). With the upper wall 48 above the head portion 24 and the lower rim 50 in the step 28 below the head portion 24, the valve cap 14 is secured to the bone penetrating member 12.

Instead of peripheral wall 48 and lower rim 50, other structure for securing the valve cap 14 to the bone penetrating member 12, whether the head portion 24 or another part of the bone penetrating member 12, may be used in the invention. Such alternative securing structure which performs the same function as the peripheral wall 48 and lower rim 50 in the same or a similar manner is readily ascertainable by those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains and is considered to be within the scope of the invention. All such structure is considered to be encompassed within the phrase securing means for securing the valve cap to the bone penetrating member.

An important characteristic of the valve cap 14 is that at least the portion above the head portion 12 of the bone penetrating member 12 is made of atraumatic material, i.e., part or all of the upper wall 48. Soft elastomers known to be atraumatic may preferably be used. Use of atraumatic material prevents damage to the skin above the bone marrow access apparatus 10 when present in a human body. It is possible to form the valve cap 14 entirely from atraumatic material. Exemplifying characteristics of an atraumatic material include it being soft and having low durometer, with the purpose being to prevent skin erosion and degradation, and provide a cushion layer between the skin and the bone penetrating member.

The upper wall 48 includes a valve 52 situated entirely above the bone penetrating member 12 and that has an opening 54 that controls access to the channel 30 (see FIGS. 1 and 6). It is envisioned that the valve 52 may be situated in a part of the valve cap 14 other than in the upper wall 48. For example, the valve 52 may be invaginated (or recessed) into the channel 30 of the bone penetrating member 12.

Valve opening 54 has an open state in which the channel 30 is not obstructed and a default closed state in which it is closed and material flow between the openings 32, 36 of the channel 30 is prevented. In one embodiment, the valve cap 14 includes only a single valve.

Valve 52 has a particular construction to enable the valve opening 54 to be repeatedly switchable between the open and closed states. For example, the valve 52 may be a single slit valve as shown in FIG. 1, or alternatively, an intersecting slit valve. Such valves have leaflets 56 that contact one another in a default closed state and must be urged apart from one another to form the opening 54. When urged apart from one another, for example, by a sampling needle being introduced through the channel 30 into the marrow space in the bone, the leaflets 56 are accommodated in the valve relief space 42. Valve 52 may also be a duck-bill valve. Generally, the valve 52 is designed for repeated opening and closing of the opening 54, without losing integrity or releasing fragments thereof.

Valve 52 is representative of an access control component that controls access to the channel 30 and other access control components that perform the same functions for the valve 52 described herein may be used as alternative to the valve 52. Such alternative access control structure that performs the same function as the valve 52 in the same or a similar manner is readily ascertainable by those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains and is considered to be within the scope of the invention. A valve and all such comparable access control components are considered to constitute access control means for controlling access to the channel 30.

In one embodiment, the valve cap 14 has a unitary construction. This means that it is formed as a single unit or single piece. It can be entirely made of substantially the same soft elastomer, preferably one that has a durometer of 5-50 Shore A. For example, the valve cap 14 may be made of silicone or polyurethane.

Bone marrow access apparatus 10 is installed in connection with a bone 8 since only part of the bone marrow access apparatus 10 is situated in the bone 8 (for example, the insertion portion 16 of the bone penetrating member 12 as shown in FIG. 7) while another part is situated on, above and/or outside of the bone 8 (for example, the head portion 24 of the bone penetrating member 12 and the valve cap 14 as shown in FIG. 7).

A typical, but non-limiting, installation of the bone marrow access apparatus 10 in connection with a bone entails first connecting the bone penetrating member 12 and the valve cap 14. This is achieved by inserting the head portion 24 of the bone penetrating member 12 through an opening 56 defined by the lower rim 50 into the interior cavity 44 until the lower rim 50 has been urged into the step 28 in the head portion 24 of the bone penetrating member 12. The head portion 24 should fit snugly into the interior cavity 44 defined by the valve cap 14.

For insertion of the insertion portion 16 of the bone penetrating member 12 into the bone 8, a delivery tool 70 is specially designed for this purpose, shown in FIGS. 8 and 9. Delivery tool 70 includes a handle 72, and a rigid, elongate shaft 74 attached at one end region to the handle 72 and attached at an opposite end region to a flange 76. A drill bit 78 is attached to the shaft 74 below the flange 76, or may be attached to the flange 76. Flange 76 is shaped to fit in the seat 40 in the head portion 24 of the bone penetrating member 12 (see FIGS. 10 and 11).

Dimensions of the delivery tool 70 are specific to the particular bone penetrating member 12 being installed, so that a plurality of delivery tools 70 may be required for differently dimensioned bone penetrating member 12. More particularly, the length of the drill bit 78 should be greater than the length of the channel 30 in the insertion portion 16 so that, when the flange 76 is situated in the seat 40, the drill bit 78 will extend below the bottom surface 20 of the insertion portion 16 of the bone penetrating member 12 (see FIG. 11). This is necessary because the drill bit 78 often creates or completes drilling of a bone channel through the bone cortex to the marrow space 2, which bone channel starts with a pilot hole 4. Obviously, the diameter of the drill bit 78 must be smaller than the diameter of the channel 30 to enable the drill bit 78 to enter into and pass through the channel 30 (see FIGS. 10 and 11).

In an exemplifying installation method using the tool 70, the handle 72 of the delivery tool 70 is grasped and the drill bit 78 is aligned with the opening in the valve 52 leading to the channel 30 while the bone marrow access apparatus 10 has not yet been inserted into the bone 8 (FIG. 8). The drill bit 78 is then inserted through the opening 54 in the valve 52 into the channel 30 until the flange 76 rests on the seat 40 (FIG. 10).

The tool 70, with the attached bone marrow access apparatus 10, is inserted through an incision in the patient's skin to insert the insertion portion 26 of the bone penetrating member 12 into the pilot hole 4. The bone marrow access apparatus 10 is thus inserted into the pilot hole 4 in the bone 8 extending from the outer surface 6 of the bone 8 toward the marrow space 2, which pilot hole 4 may be only initially formed by the drill bit 78 (see FIG. 10). This insertion is aided by the thread 18 on the outer surface 20 of the insertion portion 16 of the bone penetrating member 12 which grips the surface of the bone cortex defining the pilot hole 4. In one embodiment, the pilot hole 4 may be formed by puncturing the bone 8 using a bone puncture needle. For example, the pilot hole 4 may be created through the cortical layer. Alternatively, the self-tapping delivery tool 70 can create the pilot hole 4 as it delivers the bone marrow access apparatus 10.

The tool 70 is then rotated, while maintaining the flange 76 in the seat 40, to cause the bone penetrating member 12 to be further inserted into the bone 8. Rotation of the tool 70 continues until the drill bit 78 completes a channel through the bone cortex into the marrow space 2 and the lower surface of the lower rim 50 of the valve cap 14 rests on the surface 6 of the bone 8 (FIG. 11).

By interposing the lower rim 50 between the head portion 24 of the bone penetrating member 12 and the surface 6 of the bone 8, a cushioning effect is provided by the lower rim 50. The lower rim 50 is preferably made of a soft elastomer which can be compressed and thereby cushions impact of the head portion 24 of the bone penetrating member 12 against the bone surface 6.

After the bone marrow access aperture 10 attains the position shown in FIG. 11, the tool 70 is removed from engagement with the bone marrow access apparatus 10 by lifting it upward. The tool 70 is then removed through the opening 54 defined by the valve 52 causing the opening 54 in the valve 52 to close. The tissues above the apparatus are then surgically closed. The final installed position of the bone marrow access apparatus 10 is shown in FIG. 7. Note that glue or another adhesive is not required to install the bone marrow access apparatus 10.

Once the bone marrow access apparatus 10 is installed in connection with a bone 8, it can be used for sampling bone marrow whenever such sampling is desired either for biopsy or aspiration dependent on which instrument is used. Each time bone marrow is sampled, the surgeon would press the skin in the known area of the bone marrow access apparatus 10 to locate the bone marrow access apparatus 10. Once located, the surgeon would press the skin over the valve cap 14, and insert an instrument such as a sampling needle through the skin and through the opening 54 of the valve 52 into the channel 30 and out of the distal opening 38 of the channel 30 into the marrow space 2. A sampling needle, or other type of instrument, having a size (gauge) that fits in the channel 30 is obviously selected. The penetration depth of the sampling needle or other instrument into the marrow space 2 is also variable by the surgeon.

If a straight sampling needle 66 is selected, the sampling needle 66 may be tilted to sample a fresh area of the marrow space 2 for bone marrow (see FIGS. 12 and 13).

As an alternative, a curved sampling needle 80 may be used (FIG. 14). The curved sampling needle 80 includes an inner tube 82 with a curve at a distal end and a straight outer tube 84. The curved inner tube 82 allows for sampling bone marrow from a larger region of the marrow space 2 since it can be inserted to different depths and rotated to reach different directions (see FIG. 15). To aid in curving of the inner tube 82, it is optionally provided with cut-outs 98 at the distal end region. These cutouts 98 may be formed by a laser.

Curved sampling needle 80 may be made of nitinol and the curved inner tube 82 sharpened to facilitate for penetration of the marrow. The curved inner tube 82 assumes a straight condition as it passes through the channel 30 since it is retained in the straight outer tube 84, but then curves to its initial condition after passing through the opening 36 and then out of the outer tube 84 (FIG. 14). The inner tube 82 is made of a material that is sufficiently rigid to push through the outer tube 84 in order to collect a tissue sample, yet configured to revert to a curved state at the distal end to increase the sampling area, and such materials are readily known or ascertainable to those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains in view of the disclosure herein. Instead of a straight outer tube 84, a straight internal stylet may be provided to allow for entry of the curved inner tube 82 into and passage through the channel 30, and then unsheathing of the inner tube 82 to enable it to return to its natural curve when reaching the marrow space for sampling.

In one embodiment, the needles 66, 80 have a stylet that allows the needles 66, 80 to penetrate the skin and get to the location in the marrow space of the bone. The stylet is removed allowing the hollow channel to now be able to aspirate the marrow or biopsy it. Without using the stylet, the needles 66, 80 would core the skin and muscles as they are pushed in. It is also possible to use a guide needle that would, with a stylet, be pushed into the marrow space and then when the stylet is removed, different needles could be inserted through the channel to sample marrow without having to penetrate the skin fresh with each needle.

Regardless of which type of sampling needle is used, after the sampling is completed, the needle is removed from the channel 30 and withdrawn through the valve 52 and skin. The valve 52 closes its opening 54 thereby preventing material flow out of and into the marrow space 2.

The sampling needles 66, 80 preferably include depth of insertion indicators so that the surgeon can read the indicators and determine the sampling depth. This allows the surgeon to sample different depths in the bone marrow space 2 at different times, for example, to sample at week 1 at X depth and week 2 at a different Y depth.

Once the bone marrow access apparatus 10 is no longer needed for bone marrow sampling, it can be removed. Removal generally involves rotating the bone marrow access apparatus 10 out of the hole in the bone 8. If provided with a spiral thread 18, this may be attained by grasping the valve cap 14, applying pressure against the head portion 24 of the bone penetrating member 12 and then rotating it in the opposite direction than the direction in which bone penetrating member 12 was inserted into the hole in the bone 8.

A removal tool 86 is specially designed to ease removal of the bone marrow access apparatus 10 (FIG. 16). Removal tool 86 includes a handle 88, and a shaft 90 attached at one end region to the handle 88 and attached at an opposite end region to a flange 92. Flange 92 is shaped to fit in the seat 40 in the head portion 24 of the bone penetrating member 12.

For removal of the bone marrow access apparatus 10, the surgeon inserts the removal tool 86 through an opening in the skin over the bone marrow access apparatus 10 and then inserts the removal tool 86 through the opening 54 in the valve 52 into the channel 30 until the flange 92 rests on the seat 40 (FIG. 17). The tool 86 is then rotated, while maintaining the flange 92 in the seat 40, to cause the bone penetrating member 12 to withdraw from the bone hole. Rotation of the tool 86 continues until the insertion portion 16 of the bone penetrating member 12 is completely free of the bone and then the tool 86 and bone marrow access apparatus 10 engaged therewith is withdrawn through the skin of the patient. The valve cap 14 holds the bone penetrating member 12 on the removal tool 80 as it is lifted up. The leaflets 56 will be on the top of the flange of the removal tool 80 with some counterforce.

Delivery and removal tools 70, 86 may be single use tools or designed for multiple uses.

Variations of the embodiments described above and illustrated in the drawings are considered to be within the scope of the invention, and thus the scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, rather than by the examples given. In addition, apparatus and methods disclosed in U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/062,105 filed Oct. 9, 2014, U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/404,551 filed Oct. 5, 2016 and U.S. nonprovisional patent application Ser. No. 15/024,522 filed Mar. 24, 2016 may be incorporated into and/or used with the inventions disclosed above and all of these applications are incorporated by reference herein. 

1. A bone marrow access apparatus, comprising: a bone penetrating member having an internal channel having an opening at a proximal end and an opening at a distal end; and a valve cap engaged with said bone penetrating member, said valve cap defining an interior cavity in which at least part of said bone penetrating member is situated, said valve cap comprising a valve having an opening having an open state in which said channel is not obstructed and a closed state preventing flow of material through said channel, said valve being repeatedly switchable between the open and closed states.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said valve cap and said bone penetrating member are separable from one another.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said valve cap has a unitary construction.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said valve cap is provided at a proximal end portion of said bone penetrating member and said valve is situated above said bone penetrating member.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said valve cap is provided at a proximal end portion of said bone penetrating member and said valve is invaginated into said channel of said bone penetrating member.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of said valve cap above an upper surface of said bone penetrating member is made of a soft elastomer that is atraumatic.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said valve cap is entirely made of substantially the same soft elastomer which has a durometer of 5-50 Shore A.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said valve cap further comprises a peripheral wall having an upper edge region to which said valve is coupled such that said valve is situated above an upper surface of said bone penetrating member, said peripheral wall being situated outward of said at least part of said bone penetrating member.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said valve cap further comprises a peripheral wall and a lower rim coupled to a lower edge region of said peripheral wall, said lower rim extending inward from said peripheral wall to underlie part of said bone penetrating member and thereby secure said valve cap to said bone penetrating member, said peripheral wall being situated outward of said at least part of said bone penetrating member.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said valve cap further comprises a peripheral wall having an upper edge region to which said valve is coupled and a lower rim coupled to a lower edge region of said peripheral wall, said interior cavity being defined by said upper valve, said peripheral wall and said lower rim, said peripheral wall being situated outward of said at least part of said bone penetrating member.
 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said valve comprises a plurality of leaflets that define at least one slit that constitutes said opening of said valve of said valve cap, said leaflets being movable into said channel when said opening is in its open state.
 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said valve is the only valve in said valve cap.
 13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said channel has a diameter in a range from about 2.0 mm to about 4.2 mm.
 14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said bone penetrating member comprises an axially extending insertion portion and a head portion having a larger cross-sectional area than said insertion portion, said channel extending through said insertion portion and said head portion between said openings at the proximal and distal ends.
 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said bone penetrating member has an upper surface and a seat below said upper surface configured to engage with an installation and removal instrument.
 16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said bone penetrating member comprises an axially extending insertion portion and a head portion having a larger cross-sectional area than said insertion portion, said head portion having a bottom surface adjacent said insertion portion and a step peripherally outward of said bottom surface and providing an outer peripheral surface of said head portion with an indentation, said valve cap further comprises a peripheral wall to which said valve is coupled, and a lower rim coupled to a lower edge region of said peripheral wall, said interior cavity being defined by said upper valve, said peripheral wall and said lower rim, said lower rim extending inward from said peripheral wall into said indentation to thereby secure said valve cap to said bone penetrating member.
 17. A bone marrow access system, comprising: a bone marrow access apparatus comprising: a bone penetrating member having an internal channel having an opening at a proximal end and an opening at a distal end adapted to open into a bone marrow space in a bone; and a valve cap engaged with said bone penetrating member, said valve cap defining an interior cavity in which at least part of said bone penetrating member is situated, said valve cap comprising a valve having an opening having an open state in which said channel is not obstructed and a closed state preventing flow of material through said channel and being repeatedly switchable between the open and closed states; and an instrument configured to pass through said opening at the proximal end of said channel of said bone marrow access apparatus into said channel and through said opening at the distal end of said channel and thereby access the bone marrow space.
 18. The system of claim 17, wherein said valve cap further comprises a peripheral wall and a lower rim coupled to a lower edge region of said peripheral wall, said lower rim extending inward from said peripheral wall to cause said lower rim to lie between part of said bone penetrating member and a surface of the bone when said bone marrow access apparatus is engaged with the bone and thereby cushion said bone penetrating member on the bone and also secure said valve cap to said bone penetrating member, said peripheral wall being situated outward of said at least part of said bone penetrating member.
 19. The system of claim 17, wherein said bone penetrating member comprises an axially extending insertion portion that extends through the cortex of the bone when said bone marrow access apparatus is engaged with the bone and a head portion having a larger cross-sectional area than said insertion portion and that lies exterior of the bone when said bone marrow access apparatus is engaged with the bone, said channel extending through said insertion portion and said head portion between said openings at the proximal and distal ends.
 20. A bone marrow access apparatus, comprising: a bone penetrating member having an internal channel having an opening at a proximal end and an opening at a distal end; and a unitary valve cap comprising access control means for controlling access to said channel and securing means for securing said valve cap to said bone penetrating member, said access control means enabling access at multiple timepoints to said channel. 